History of Paper -- essays research papers

The first historical mention of paper is 104 A.D. in China. The Empress of China at that time loved books and wanted to have a lot of them made. At the time everything was written on silk scrolls which were extremely expensive and time consuming to make. She wanted something cheaper and easier to use and so she asked one of her servants, a gentleman by the name of Tsi Lun to come up with an alternative. He worked for over nine years experimenting with different things and finally came up with hemp, mulberry tree bark, silk and old fishing nets all ground up into a mushy pulp. I wonder how he ever thought of it; the history books don't say. The Empress was very pleased and Tsi Lun was elevated to a high rank in the court. Unfortunately for him, the Empress then asked Tsi Lun to spread malicious gossip about some of her enemies at court. When the Empress fell out of power, those people were extremely angry with Tsi Lun and he was either put to death or forced to commit suicide. Strange, isn't it, how things go in the world? And, of course, all of this that I am sharing with you is just one version of history. Others will perhaps be able to give a different rendering. I have read many. I like the story of Tsi Lun. Most people agree on that one. But, as for the spread of papermaking as an art, well, there are different stories told. To gather such accounts and compare them falls within the discipline of "Historiography", the history of the writing of history. (If you ever want to scamble your brains and loose all concept of the solidity of reality, just study the hisotry writing of history.) The following, I believe, is most likely closest to the truth. Papemmaking remained a secret Chinese art until around the year 700 A.D. when, during a war with China the Arab nations captured an entire town of papermakers and took them back to the middle east as prisoners where they were forced into labor making paper. The craft was learned a couple hundred years later by Westem Europeans during the Crusades. Curiously, the Church in Westem Europe initially banned the use of paper calling it a 'pagan art' believing that animal parchment was the only thing 'holy' enough to carry the Sacred Word. That strange prejudice lasted for more than 100 years, but they got over it. In the 17th century Europeans were making paper from cotton and linen rags. When paper is made ... ...which does not add to the pollution in the environment. Natural fiber paper makers have told me that they neutralize their caustic solutions with vinegar and baking soda. After the cooking process, once it is neutralized and checked with a litmus strip, the fiber cooking water can be disposed of down the drain without any fear of adding to the toxic waste in the environment, so there is hope.) The sad tale of our time period for the health of the eco system is that just as cotton and linen rags as sources for paper making were becoming scarce in the 17th century, trees in the 21st are also dissappearing. As an example, one single edition of the Sunday New York Times requires 30,000 acres of trees. And that's just the New York Times. What about the London Times? L.A. Times? And the millions of other papers printed around the world? Experiments have begun to find alternative sources of fiber and I have recently heard the European mills are turning toward hemp. Hemp yields 4 times the amount of cellulose fiber per acre than trees and is renewable within a year or two compared to 100 years for trees. As a lover of trees, I hope the rest of the world soon follows the European example.

Free Essays - Analysis of the Maltese Falcon :: Movie Film Essays

I  don’t recall if Gutman said it in the movie about the Falcon being coated by lacquer to obfuscate that it’s really made of gold and jewels. I think it was implied that nothing is what they really seem to be. This is what I believe Dashiell Hammett was trying to communicate through his novel, ‘The Maltese Falcon.’ In this paper I will write about why I believe what is Hammett trying to convey through his cast of characters. These characters are unlike the image and stereotype cast upon their roles.   Sam Spade isn’t exactly the typical (stereotypical?) main character or rather a detective character (I think for any main character.) By his looks/appearance, â€Å"He [Spade] looked rather pleasantly like a blond satan† (p. 3). Suggesting he is not angelic looking like lets say Humphrey Bogard (an indication that the movie isn’t true to the novel). The film ruined the ironic un-charming hero concept the novel have and so do I as one of my first example of the â€Å"things-are-not-what-they-seemed-theory-for-Hammett’s message.† Spade is callous, avaricious, and shares a similarity with Mike from ‘The House of Games.’ Why I think Mike and Spade are similar? For one thing Brigid   O’Shaughnessy gave Spade a talk/speech about him using her pretty much the same thing Ford asked Mike in the airport.   Brigid’s comment (p. 211-212) â€Å"You’ve been playing with me? Only pretending you cared-to trap me like this? You didn’t-care at all? You didn’t-don’t-I-love-me?† Ford’s â€Å"You used me...† speech is strikingly similar to Brigid’s including the reaction from Mike/Spade. The two men both refused to show sympathy and they did both had sex with their respective victims ...er women except Mike ends up dead and Brigid ends up in jail. Ford and Mike and Spade and Brigid share many similarities from the two women being used and the men conning these women. We know what Mike did already and Spade used his devilish charm to get Brigid to solve the case. He conned her into giving him money, win his trust, and played with her feelings. The comparison between Mike and Spade is to show that Spade is more of a con men than a detective which I hope are (usually) depicted as law-abiding, straight-arrow, gentlemen. Spade is a proto-badass character. I think Hammett is trying to convey that heroes aren’t always good.   Brigid O’Shaughnessy (whom I will refer as Brigid because her last name is long) is a complex character in which that she appears to be a typical damsel-in-distress but suppose to be   â€Å"a beautiful and treacherous woman whose loyalties shift at the drop of a dime.

Product Launch Plan -Team-Mkt 571

Altadena Computer: Product Launch Plan Team X MKT 571 Altadena Computer: Product Launch Plan Product Description Product Positioning Targeting Market Needs In 2009 approximately 870,000 full-time students were attending Canadian universities. The highest percentage increase of enrollment for undergraduates was in British Columbia (6. 4%) and the highest percentage increase of enrollment for graduate students was in Prince Edward Island (38. 1%) (AUCC. ) With so many students, Altadena Computers has a large base to target and market their special brand of customized laptops. Because of to the economic downturn the prediction in Canada reflects more people returning to college to increase their job marketability. In 2009, an increase of 4. 1% in undergraduate programs and an increase of 7. 2% in graduate programs validate the predictions. Altadena aims to provide quality merchandise that lasts longer than a few years, replacing the laptop will not be a concern for the student. Altadena employees rely on the students to guide them in designing the perfect laptop. Channel Strategy Market Potential Below is data collected by World Bank of Internet user percentages for United Kingdom and Canada. The trend of Internet use has significantly increased, doubling in the past decade. In 1990, domestic and international Internet usage was merely nonexistent and has steadily progressed past the year 2000. In 2007, Canada’s Internet usage inclined to 72. 8% while the United Kingdom ascended at 71. 7% and is steadily increasing into 2008. {draw:frame} Case # 1 – Domestic Location – Canada In 2007 Canada’s population reached 33. 0 million. Using the population data, Altadena Computers can estimate potential buyers within Canada. Internet percentages will be valuable in determining the average annual consumption and a measureable selling price of $950 per laptop. This price may be considered an expensive pecuniary; however, Altadena Computers must realistically visualize price and profits of the investment. At a selling price of $950 per laptop, customer base of 3,300,000, and an annual consumption of 10 percent of Internet users, 7. 28%, Altadena Computer’s market potential is calculated at $228,228,000. Case #2 – International Location – (United Kingdom) SWOT Analysis (Canada & England) SWOT Analysis (Canada & England) Threats and opportunities are equally justifiable. Yes, Altadena Computers may be a new player in the game but that does not determine a disqualification for Altadena Computers. This only symbolizes a significant role on behalf of Altadena Computers to orchestrate diligence and effective market strategies to compete with existing and forthcoming competition. Currently, management anticipates threats because of increasing competition, transportation costs, pecuniary regulations enforced by the government, and demographic shifts in the market. However, as there are threats, opportunities also exist. Altadena Computers does more than provide college students with cost effective, premium service laptops, Altadena Computers is providing essential tools and contributing to society’s development. Consider Canadian Internet usage in 2008. According to the Publications section of the World Fact Book, â€Å"Internet usage in 2008 was 25. 086 million users from a population of 33. 487 million residents. † Most Internet users are â€Å"educated† meaning they have at least an undergraduate degree. Therefore, it is imperative that Altadena Computers provide this service to college students because laptops are in high demand for students. Competition In a market of such magnitude, competition is expected to be fierce and strong. Dell, Hewitt Packard, Wal-Mart, MicroCenter, and Fry’s are some of the few dominant competitors in the industry. With the exception of Dell Computers, conveniences these businesses present are their ability to showcase products and provide instant gratification. Customers can assess the product and leave with their merchandise. Although instant gratification is necessary for some consumers, not all customers require their product instantly. Some would prefer to build their laptop necessities and incur offering provided by Altadena Computers. The logic here is not to dismiss the competition; for the possibility of that occurring is relatively short lived. Altadena Computers is a new and emerging business in the industry. Many lessons can be learned that can be applied that were previously encountered by the competition. Marketing Objectives and Strategy Pricing Market Communication: Canada and England Communication in marketing channels can serve as the process by which influential information is conveyed, shared decision making is encouraged, programs are created, power is put into effect and commitment and loyalty are built. Communication is the bond that holds together channels of distribution. Marketing communication builds awareness of a business, its products and the business’s position through customer interaction materials such as brochures, press releases, web sites and other forms of direct, indirect and interactive marketing. Marketing communication represents the â€Å"voice† of the brand and is one way to establish a dialogue and build relationships with consumers (Kotler & Keller, 2007, p. 279). Altadena Computer Company must have an in-depth understanding of the company’s target audience and the process of buying, selling, and communicating to customers. Marketing communications are the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers—directly or indirectly—about the products and brands they sell (Kotler & Keller, 2007, p. 279). The marketing communication mix consists of six major modes of communication (Kotler & Keller, 2007, p. 279): Sales Promotion is short-term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a product or service. Public relations and Publicity are programs promoting or protecting company or product image. Direct marketing is the use of mail, telephone, fax, e-mail, or solicit response or dialogue from specific customers and prospects. Personal selling is face-to-face interactions with prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions and procuring orders. Publicity: Canada and England Distribution Strategy: Domestic and International A distribution strategy describes how a business will generate and persuade demand for a product or service. Distribution Strategy involves shifting products for point of formation to points of utilization by the end user, in a cost-effective method. Distribution strategy will identify how a business will manage the brand. Distribution strategies come is various forms: (1) manufacturer ? consumer, (2) manufacturer? retailer? consumer, or (3) manufacturer? wholesaler? etailer? consumers. The process can involve longer channels including agents and brokers Types of Distribution Channels Canada and England Distribution Strategy The primary distribution for Altadena Computer domestic and international customer will be manufacturer to customer. The customer will have access live assistance to make orders and ask questions, through the Altadena Computer website or with a customer service representative that has the knowledge and ability to service Altadena Computer customers. Altadena Computers Distribution Strategy Altadena Computers must take advantage of the distribution opportunities. For example, gaining permission from domestic and international educational institutions to place brochures in the building were students have access to the information. Another distribution opportunity is setting up a demonstration area at domestic and international universities and colleges to provide information and a glimpse at the product to the potential customer. Customers preferring to buy online will have to fulfill orders and allow Altadena Computers to sell directly to customers. Customers can also engage in another distribution strategy with Altadena Computers specialized customer service representatives to close deals. Altadena Computers distribution program will focus on the needs of the customer. Financial Information Market Research Conclusion References Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (2009. ) Retrieved March 7, 2010 from http://www. aucc. ca/publications/media/2009/enrolment_10_22_e. html https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca. html https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk. html Common Wealth (2009) United kingdom. opulation. Retrieved 3-7-2010 http://www. thecommonwealth. org/YearbookHomeInternal/139560/ Kotler, P. & Keller, K. (2007). A Framework for Marketing Management (3rd ed. ) New Jersey: Pearson-Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L. (2006) Marketing management (12th Ed. ) New Jersey: Pearson- Prentiss Hall. Statistics Canada (2009) Population and demography. Re trieved 3-7-2010 http://www41. statcan. gc. ca/2008/3867/ceb3867_000-eng. htm World Bank, World Development Indicators (2010) Internet_ users as percentage of _ population. Retrieved 3-7-2010 http://www. google. com/publicdata

Brave New World †Freedom Essay

The concept of freedom is always changing and is often open to interpretation. What, exactly, is freedom? and why is it so important that we be free? In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley leaves the reader in continuous suspense over which character is truly free or has freedom. The citizens of the World State do not possess any notion of freedom, they are unable to control the way they think, feel and make decisions; however, John has the ability to do all of these things. The World State holds the citizens captive of their most fundamental rights to freedom through Soma, the media and hypnopedia; whereas, John, free from society’s captivities, has complete control over himself and his mind. The citizens of the World State are enslaved by their ruler, they are devoid of emotions, all emotions except for that of happiness. They lack the state of consciousness needed to make their own decisions and that, in turn, creates a society that is solely governed by one process of thought. The World State uses Soma to control the emotions of the citizens in order to create and maintain stability in the world. This control not only takes away the pleasures of experiencing real, genuine emotions but also corrupts one’s ability to react according to how they feel in a situation. The citizens have the â€Å"freedom† to react as they please but with the constant restraints on which emotions they are allowed to feel even that freedom has been taken from them. †Ã¢â‚¬ Now don’t lose your temper,† she said. â€Å"Remember one cubic centimetre cures ten gloomy sentiments. â€Å"â€Å" (Huxley p. ). Freedom is reacting based on emotions that one’s self has come up with, emotions that have been drawn from a wide spectrum, not carefully selected by one’s ruler. The second most powerful tactic the World State uses to control their citizens is through the media along with debilitating the desire to not want to be a part of the social body. They engineer a culture that shelters citizens from what is really happening and what truly lies beneath the surface at all times. â€Å"She was appalled by the rushing emptiness of the night†¦ â€Å"Let’s turn on the radio. Quick! â€Å"†¦ â€Å"but I want to look at the sea in peace,† he said. â€Å"It makes me feel as though†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †not so completely a part of something else. Not just a cell in the social body†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ But Lenina was crying. â€Å"It’s horrible, it’s horrible,† she kept repeating. â€Å"And how can you talk like that about not wanting to be a part of the social body? â€Å"(Huxley p. ). They, the citizens, are never given the opportunity to think for themselves or by themselves; thus, taking away the possibility of critical or analytical thinking. During the decanting period (birth) and even prior to that, the citizens of the World State are unable to choose their destinies, their futures are laid out before them before they are even processed as people. Not only are they devoid of the most common emotions, they lack any individuality at all because they are created to have a certain level of intelligence, a certain status in society, they’re engineered to have certain likes and dislikes and are even under the control of society when choosing what colour to wear. â€Å"From the ranks of the crawling babies came little squeals of excitement, gurgles and twitterings of pleasure†¦ Small hands reached out uncertainly, touched, grasped, unpetaling the transfigured roses, crumpling the illuminated pages of the books. The Director waited until all were happily busy. Then, â€Å"Watch carefully,† he said. And, lifting his hand, he gave the signal†¦ There was a violent explosion. Shriller and ever shriller, a siren shrieked. Alarm bells maddeningly sounded. The children started, screamed; their faces were distorted with terror. â€Å"And now†¦ now we proceed to rub in the lesson with a mild electric shock. â€Å"†¦ There was something desperate, almost insane, about the sharp spasmodic yelps to which they now gave utterance. Their little bodies twitched and stiffened; their limbs moved jerkily as if to the tug of unseen wires†¦ Offer them the flowers and the books again. â€Å"†¦ but at the approach of the roses, at the mere sight of those gaily-coloured images of pussy and cock-a-doodle-doo and baa-baa black sheep, the infants shrank away in horror, the volume of their howling suddenly increased†¦. â€Å"They’ll grow up with what the psychologists used to call an ‘instinctive’ hatred of books and flowers. † (Huxley p. ). This kind of control leads to the complete destruction of individual and collective freedom. The World State holds the citizens captive of their most fundamental rights to freedom therefore, they are not free. Freedom is constantly questioned throughout the novel and John has the power of free will on his side because he has the capability to feel his own emotions, think critically, and act accordingly. That is something society simply will never have the opportunity or ability to experience. When he is inflicted in a situation he lacks no restrictions on his feelings, he feels love for Lenina and he feels pain for being an outcast, being different. John, who has the ability to feel everything. â€Å"†Is there any hope? † he asked. â€Å"You mean, of her not dying? † (He nodded. â€Å"No, of course there isn’t. When somebody’s sent here, there’s no †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Startled by the expression of distress on his pale face, she suddenly broke off. â€Å"Why, whatever is the matter? † she asked. She was not accustomed to this kind of thing in visitors. (Not that there were many visitors anyhow: or any reason why there should be many visitors. ) â €Å"You’re not feeling ill, are you? † †¦. Anger suddenly boiled up in him. Balked for the second time, the passion of his grief had found another outlet, was transformed into a passion of agonized rage. â€Å"(Huxley p. ). In contrast with the other citizens of the World State who cannot make out the most simple of genuine emotions and one’s ability to react according to how they feel in a situation, this really puts the concept of freedom into perspective. He is not only able to feel a wide selection of emotions but because of that freedom he can think critically and make logical and rational decisions about the State’s affairs and his own life. Due to his personal freedoms he is able to see things for what they really are instead of what they are made out to be by the World State. â€Å"†We don’t,† said the Controller. â€Å"We prefer to do things comfortably. â€Å"But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin. † â€Å"In fact,† said Mustapha Mond, â€Å"you’re claiming the right to be unhappy. â€Å" â€Å"All right then,† said the Savage defiantly, â€Å"I’m claiming the right to be unhappy†¦ not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen to-morrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind. There was a long silence. â€Å"I claim them all,† said the Savage at last. † (Huxley p. ). John is and forever will be free from the World State for the simple fact that he can think critically and make logical and rational decisions. To want to expanding his individuality and intelligence is another attribute the citizens of the World State will never posses; however,John has the desire and wonder to read Shakespeare, absorb information about religion, beliefs and his surroundings. â€Å"â€Å"The Savage’s face lit up with a sudden pleasure. â€Å"Have you read it too? † he asked. I thought nobody knew about that book here, in England. † â€Å"Almost nobody. I’m one of the very few. It’s prohibited, you see†¦ â€Å"But why is it prohibited? † asked the Savage†¦ The Controller shrugged his shoulders. â€Å"Because it’s old; that’s the chief reason. We haven’t any use for old things here†¦ we don’t want people to be attracted by old things. We want them to like the new ones. â€Å"†¦. â€Å"But the new ones are so stupid and horrible. Those plays, where there’s nothing but helicopters flying about and you feel the people kissing. â€Å" He made a grimace. â€Å"Goats and monkeys! Only in Othello’s word could he find an adequate vehicle for his contempt and hatred. † (Huxley p. ). The natural demonstration of this attribute reflects how thoughtless his free will is, strongly contrasting the captivity those of the World State are under. Others that are led by the rules of the World State are merely human-looking machines that carry out meaningless lives to keep the rulers happy and society stable.. John has presented a state of being that the rulers of the World State have tried to exterminate- free will. He is who he wants to be and has pushed away the man society has created. And that, is freedom.

Benedict Arnold Essay

Benedict Arnold was a Revolutionary Hero that had a big affect on winning the war. He had boosted many of the soldiers moral during the war with his successful raids. Moral could be considered a reason for the Americans winning the war because it kept them going through there up and downs. To begin my essay, I’ll start it with a brief summary on Arnold, so the reader will understand who he really was. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14,1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. His ancestors William Arnold and his family who left England because of religious persecution were the first Arnold’s in New England. Arnold’s family background was well respected and was know to have some wealth. Arnold received his education at Canterbury. Benedict was a romantic, adventurous, excessively proud and sensitive, ruled by impulse rather then principal. Arnold was employed at a drug store in Norwich until 1762,where he moved to New Haven establishing himself in business. He owned a considerable amount of land, was involved in the West India Trade and sometimes even commanding his own ships. On February22nd, 1767 he married Margaret Mansfield. With Margaret he had three sons, Benedict, Richard, and Henry. Benedict’s wife died on June 19th 1775. George Washington greatly liked Benedict Arnold and trusted him a lot, so he let Arnold and Ethan Allen try to invade Canada. The conditions were harsh and those conditions set a big problem for Arnold. Some Arnold’s men left and took many of the supplies they had to survive but he still had kept his men strong. The main problem toward Arnold’s army was the rain, snow, mud and especially hunger. Benedict finally reached St. Lawrence with 600 of his men, and he was commended for his success. Arnold tried to capture Quebec, but heavy rainstorms prevented Arnold and his army to move for three days. He then led two-attack n these two forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, which Arnold had captured. These two successful captures had boost moral and many men confidence to keep on fighting. Benedict Arnold even made the British retreat when they attempted to attack Connecticut. Later on Benedict volunteered to take control of Fort Schuyler. He tricked the British into thinking he was coming with an army force of hundreds of thousands American Soldiers, when in reality he only had about a thousand. He then entered the fort and it was empty. Arnold signed the Oath of Allegiance to his country on May 30th, 1778. Arnold signed it at Artillery Park in Valley Forge. After getting rid of the British in Philadelphia, Washington gave Benedict the command of the city. By May of 1779 Arnold began bargaining with the British. Arnold was offered over 10,000 pounds and a commission in the British Army. The bounty Arnold had put up was West Point. Arnold began conversing with Major John Andre from the British Army. John Andrea was the middleman between Arnold and Sir Henry Clinton regarding the closing of the deal. Andre was sent back to the British lines with some documents in his sock from Arnold. Andre was captured and placed in American custody. After the documents were found, Arnold heard and escaped. John Andre was killed for a spy. The British gave Arnold money, land in Canada, pensions for himself, his wife and kids, and a spot in the British military as a Brigadier General. Arnold then was never given an important military command. Benedict Arnold finally died in 1801. Arnold was a great man who was devoted to his country. He had given all his life, strength and respect for his country but never received any of that back. He was highly made fun of by many people, including Generals and people in congress. He also wasn’t getting paid as well either. All those factors had finally broke Arnold and he couldn’t take all the disrespect from his amazing accomplishments for the United States. The decision leading him to become know as a traitor shouldn’t let his great achievements for the United States of America go to waste. He should have been honored for what he did for his country then disgraced. Arnold was a brilliant leader in the continental army, leading to many victories for the United States. His uncommon bravery had really showed a great impression on all the soldiers, boosting their morals even more. †Arnold dedicated himself to the Revolutionary cause, sacrificing family life, health, and financial well-being for a conflict that left him physically crippled, sullied by false accusations, and profoundly alienated from the American cause of liberty.† Arnold can be considered one of the best American Generals during the fight for independence. He was very well known for that and respected. Though congress would never give him his deserved promotions. Now as we learn about Arnold, we are never taught of what he did but instead of his treasury. Arnold really didn’t turn on his country but the country had turned on him for not noticing his great achievements for the fight for independence. The only honor that was rewarded to Arnold was the â€Å"Boot monument† where he had fought the Battle of Saratoga. He wasn’t rewarded for his great accomplishment but just rewarded for a wounded leg. Congress though had never motivated Arnold and always picked on him. Arnold was simple; he was a man with great honor who fought for independence and to keep his family name respected. Arnolds father was arrested for over drinking according to Jim Murphy, and his family name had lost much respect. So Arnold a confident, and strong man devoted his life to gain much of his family respect back. He had joined the group called â€Å"The Freemasons† who had requirements to become a memberâ€Å"From the first to the last . . . the first condition to be fulfilled is to Have a reputation of unsullied honor and probity.† Arnold was hoping to gain much of his respect through his membership in this group but was highly disrespected. Arnold being the confident men he is, just ignored it and attended the meetings. His own people simply constantly neglected Arnold. Arnold was asked to capture Fort Ticonderoga, so he did what he was told. He had captured the Fort without a fight, but only making the British there to surrender. He was given little to no credit for this amazing accomplishment that he led. Allen, a General as well, wrote to congress that he captured the fort without Arnold mentioned much. Allen in his letter as well mentioned other soldiers that didn’t do anything over Arnold. After the capture, Allen and his men taking their chance during the situation by looting and partying. Arnold trying to tell congress the true story was denied. Now Arnold began getting mistreated by congress for all his achievements. As he was then assigned to attack Canada, he did but unsuccessfully. He was wounded but rewarded greatly for his attempt and courage. Arnolds respect began to change. Major General Horatio Gate gave him control of Crown Point. As commander of the new fort, he had to defend Lake Champlain. He defended it greatly with a small fleet and army but was unsuccessfully able to keep it. His brilliancy came into play when he retreated perfectly back to the fort saving a lot of men. This accomplishment ranked up Arnold. Washington became to notice and trust Arnold. They were becoming great friends and there trust grew with them. The jealous man by the name of Gates grew as Arnold accomplished many achievements. A letter by Arnolds enemy stating that Arnold being a coward retreated, even though his fleet was bigger then the British. This was all false but people he once trusted started to turn on Arnold. Many started to agree, just to get Arnold the disrespected he didn’t deserve. Washington liking Arnold had been trying to promote him for his great commanding on land and water but congress refused. False accusations of Arnold started to come upon him. His own people and country were turning on him. Arnold began to question his sacrifices, loyalty and honor. Arnold was offered land, wealth and a military position in the British army, for exchange to surrender West Point. Arnold agreed but only because his country turned on him. He would never gain the respect he wanted from his own people, no matter what he did. His own country always humiliated him, even after what he gave to his country. He did many unrecognized accomplishments for the Americans. He won the Battle at Saratoga, which was the biggest turning point in the American Revolution because it finally convinced the French to send troops to our cause, who were a great aid. Benedict Arnold was an outstanding man. He was one of the first to agree with the colonist to go against Britain and one of the first to become a General of the new continental army. He easily captured many forts that boost the American moral and strength. He then was the Commander of West Point but still was constantly humiliated by his own people. His plans to gain respect back to his family name, was always failing. The truths of his victories started to become lies. The lies began to play an affect on Arnold’s character. He was fed up, so he decided to take the British offer. The offer was, he would give up West Point for land, wealth and a military position. He took it up for the reason his country mistreated him. â€Å"A variety of enemies on the American side had insulted and abused him, while others had denied him the credit due to his military skills.

Bombay Stock Exchange

Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ Coordinates: 18. 929681 °N 72. 833589 °E Bombay Stock Exchange From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) (Hindi or Marathi: Bombay Share Bazaar) (formerly, The Stock Exchange, Bombay) is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and largest number of listed companies in the world, with 4990 listed as of August 2010. [2][3] It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. On Aug, 2010, the equity market capitalization of the companies listed on the BSE was US$1. 39 trillion, making it the 4th largest stock exchange in Asia and the 11th largest in the world. 4] With over 4,990 Indian companies listed & over 7700 scrips on the stock exchange,[5] it has a significant trading volume.The BSE SENSEX (SENSitive indEX), also called the â€Å"BSE 30†, is a widely used market index in India and Asia. Though many other exchanges exist, BSE and the National Stock Exchange of India account for most of the trading i n shares in India. Bombay Stock Exchange Contents 1 Hours of operation 2 History 3 Timeline 4 BSE indices 5 Sensex correlation with emerging market indices 6 Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Type Stock Exchange Location Mumbai, India Coordinates 18. 29681 °N 72. 833589 °E Founded 1875 Owner Bombay Stock Exchange Limited Key people Madhu Kannan (CEO & M D) Currency Indian rupee No. of listings 4,996 MarketCap US$1. 39 trillion (August 2010)[1] Volume US$980 billion (2006) Indexes BSE Sensex Website www. bseindia. com (http://www. bseindia. com/) Hours of operation Session Trading Session Timing 9:00 – 15:30 Beginning of the Day Session 8:00 – 9:00 †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 1/6 9/27/2010Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ Position Transfer Session Closing Session Option Exercise Session Margin Session Query Session End of Day Session 5:30 – 15:50 15:50 – 16:05 16:05 – 16:35 16:35  œ 16:50 16:50 – 17:35 17:30 The hours of operation for the BSE quoted above are stated in terms of the local time (i. e. GMT +5:30) in Mumbai (Bombay), India. BSE's normal trading sessions are on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance. [6] History The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest exchange in Asia. It traces its history to the 1850s, when 4 Gujarati and 1 Parsi stockbroker would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai's Town Hall.The location of these meetings changed many times, as the number of brokers constantly increased. The group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in 1875 became an official organization known as ‘The Native Share ; Stock Brokers Association'. In 1956, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the Indian Government under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act. The Bombay Stock Exchange developed the BSE Sensex in 1986, giving the BSE a means to measure overall performance of the exchange. In 2000 the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading Sensex futures contracts.The development of Sensex options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002, expanding the BSE's trading platform. Historically an open outcry floor trading The Phiroze Jeejeebhoy exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to an electronic trading system Towers house the Bombay in 1995. It took the exchange only fifty days to make this transition. This Stock Exchange since 1980. automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-line trading (BOLT) currently has a capacity of 80 lakh orders per day. The BSE has also introduced the world's first centralized exchange-based internet trading system, BSEWEBx. o. in to enable investors anywhere in the world to trade on the BSE platform. [7]. The BSE is currently housed in Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers at Dalal Street, Fort area.Timeline Following is the timeline on the rise and rise of the S ensex through Indian stock market history. 1830's Business on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton presses started in Bombay. 1860-1865 Cotton price bubble as a result of the American Civil War 1870 – 90's Sharp increase in share prices of jute industries followed by a boom in tea stocks and coal 1978-79 Base year of Sensex, defined to be 100. †¦wikipedia. rg/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 2/6 9/27/2010 Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ 1986 Sensex first compiled[8] using a market Capitalization-Weighted methodology for 30 component stocks representing well-established companies across key sectors. 30 October 2006 The Sensex on October 30, 2006 crossed the magical figure of 13,000 and closed at 13,024. 26 points, up 117. 45 points or 0. 9%. It took 135 days for the Sensex to move from 12,000 to 13,000 and 123 days to move from 12,500 to 13,000. 5 December 2006 The Sensex on December 5, 2006 crossed the 14,000-mark to touch 14,028 points.It t ook 36 days for the Sensex to move from 13,000 to the 14,000 mark. 6 July 2007 The Sensex on July 6, 2007 crossed the magical figure of 15,000 to touch 15,005 points in afternoon trade. It took seven months for the Sensex to move from 14,000 to 15,000 points. 19 September 2007 The Sensex scaled yet another milestone during early morning trade on September 19, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the Sensex crossed 16,000, rising by 450 points from the previous close. The 30-share Bombay Stock Exchange's sensitive index took 53 days to reach 16,000 from 15,000. Nifty also touched a new high at 4659, up 113 points.The Sensex finally ended with a gain of 654 points at 16,323. The NSE Nifty gained 186 points to close at 4,732. 26 September 2007 The Sensex scaled yet another height during early morning trade on September 26, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the Sensex crossed the 17,000-mark . Some profit taking towards the end, saw the index slip into red to 16,887  œ down 187 points from the day's high. The Sensex ended with a gain of 22 points at 16,921. 9 October 2007 The BSE Sensex crossed the 18,000-mark on October 9, 2007. It took just 8 days to cross 18,000 points from the 17,000 mark.The index zoomed to a new all-time intra-day high of 18,327. It finally gained 789 points to close at an all-time high of 18,280. The market set several new records including the biggest single day gain of 789 points at close, as well as the largest intra-day gains of 993 points in absolute term backed by frenzied buying after the news of the UPA and Left meeting on October 22 put an end to the worries of an impending election. 15 October 2007 The Sensex crossed the 19,000-mark backed by revival of funds-based buying in blue chip stocks in metal, capital goods and refinery sectors.The index gained the last 1,000 points in just four trading days. The index touched a fresh all-time intra-day high of 19,096, and finally ended with a smart gain of 640 points at 19,059. The Nifty gained 242 points to close at 5,670. 29 October 2007 The Sensex crossed the 20,000 mark on the back of aggressive buying by funds ahead of the US Federal Reserve meeting. The index took only 10 trading days to gain 1,000 points after the index crossed the 19,000-mark on October 15. The major drivers of today's rally were index heavyweights Larsen and Toubro, Reliance Industries, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank and SBI among others.The 30-share index spurted in the last five minutes of trade to fly-past the crucial level and scaled a new intra-day peak at 20,024. 87 points before ending at its fresh closing high of 19,977. 67, a gain of 734. 50 points. The NSE Nifty rose to a record high 5,922. 50 points before ending at 5,905. 90, showing a hefty gain of 203. 60 points. 8 January 2008 The sensex peaks. It crossed the 21,000 mark in intra-day trading after 49 trading sessions. This was backed by high market confidence of increased FII investment and strong corporate results for the third quarter.However, it later fell back due to profit booking. †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 3/6 9/27/2010 Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ 13 June 2008 The sensex closed below 15,200 mark, Indian market suffer with major downfall from January 21, 2008 25 June 2008 The sensex touched an intra day low of 13,731 during the early trades, then pulled back and ended up at 14,220 amidst a negative sentiment generated on the Reserve Bank of India hiking CRR by 50 bps. FII outflow continued in this week. 2 July 2008 The sensex hit an intra day low of 12,822. 0 on July 2, 2008. This is the lowest that it has ever been in the past year. Six months ago, on January 10, 2008, the market had hit an all time high of 21206. 70. This is a bad time for the Indian markets, although Reliance and Infosys continue to lead the way with mostly positive results. Bloomberg lists them as the top two gainers for the Sensex, closely followed by ICICI Bank an d ITC Ltd. 6 October 2008 The sensex closed at 11801. 70 hitting the lowest in the past 2 years. 10 October 2008 The Sensex today closed at 10527,800. 1 points down from the previous day having seen an intraday fall of as large as 1063 points. Thus, this week turned out to be the week with largest percentage fall in the SenseX 18 May 2009 After the result of 15th Indian general election Sensex gained 2100. 79 points from the previous close of 12173. 42, a record one-day gain. In the opening trade itself the Sensex evinced a 15% gain over the previous close which led to a two-hour suspension in trading. After trading resumed, the Sensex surged again, leading to a full day suspension of trading. BSE indicesFor the premier stock exchange that pioneered the securities transaction business in India, over a century of experience is a proud achievement. A lot has changed since 1875 when 318 persons by paying a then princely amount of Re. 1, became members of what today is called Bombay Sto ck Exchange Limited (BSE). Over the decades, the stock market in the country has passed through good and bad periods. The journey in the 20th century has not been an easy one. Till the decade of eighties, there was no measure or scale that could precisely measure the various ups and downs in the Indian stock market.BSE, in 1986, came out with a Stock Index-SENSEX- that subsequently became the barometer of the Indian stock market. The launch of SENSEX in 1986 was later followed up in January 1989 by introduction of BSE National Index (Base: 1983-84 = 100). It comprised 100 stocks listed at five major stock exchanges in India Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Ahmedabad and Madras. The BSE National Bombay Stock Exchange Index was renamed BSE-100 Index from October 14, 1996 and since then, it is being calculated taking into consideration only the prices of stocks listed at BSE.BSE launched the dollar-linked version of BSE-100 index on May 22, 2006. With a view to provide a better representation of the increasing number of listed companies, larger market capitalization and the new industry sectors, BSE launched on 27th May, 1994 two new index series viz. , the ‘BSE200' and the ‘DOLLEX-200'. Since then, BSE has come a long way in attuning itself to the varied needs of †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 4/6 9/27/2010 Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ investors and market participants.In order to fulfill the need for still broader, segment-specific and sector-specific indices, BSE has continuously been increasing the range of its indices. BSE-500 Index and 5 sectoral indices were launched in 1999. In 2001, BSE launched BSE-PSU Index, DOLLEX-30 and the country's first free-float based index – the BSE TECk Index. Over the years, BSE shifted all its indices to the free-float methodology (except BSE-PSU index). BSE disseminates information on the Price-Earnings Ratio, the Price to Book Value Ratio and the Dividend Yield Perc entage on day-to-day basis of all its major indices.The values of all BSE indices are updated on real time basis during market hours and displayed through the BOLT system, BSE website and news wire agencies. All BSE Indices are reviewed periodically by the BSE Index Committee. This Committee which comprises eminent independent finance professionals frames the broad policy guidelines for the development and maintenance of all BSE indices. The BSE Index Cell carries out the day-to-day maintenance of all indices and conducts research on development of new indices. [9] Sensex correlation with emerging market indicesSensex is significantly correlated with the stock indices of other emerging markets[10][11] Awards The World Council of Corporate Governance has awarded the Golden Peacock Global CSR Award for BSE's initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The Annual Reports and Accounts of BSE for the year ended March 31, 2006 and March 31 2007 have been awarded the ICAI awards for excellence in financial reporting. The Human Resource Management at BSE has won the Asia – Pacific HRM awards for its efforts in employer branding through talent management at work, health management at work and excellence in HR through technologySee also Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers Clause 49 National Stock Exchange of India Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange List of South Asian stock exchanges References 1. ^ World-exchanges. org (http://www. world-exchanges. org) 2. ^ World-exchanges. org (http://www. world-exchanges. org) 3. ^ â€Å"BSE – Key statistics† (http://www. bseindia. com/about/st_key/list_cap_raised. asp) . Bseindia. com. http://www. bseindia. com/about/st_key/list_cap_raised. asp. Retrieved 2010-08-26. 4. ^ World Federation of Exchanges (2007) (http://www. world-exchanges. rg/publications/EQU1107. pdf) â€Å"World †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 5/6 9/27/2010 Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ 5 . 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Federation of Exchanges (2007)† ^ BSE website, (http://www. bseindia. com/about/st_key/list_cap_raised. asp) â€Å"Listing and Capital Raised† ^ Market Hours, Bombay Stock Exchange via Wikinvest ^ â€Å"BSEIndia† (http://www. bseindia. com/about/tech. asp) . BSEIndia. http://www. bseindia. com/about/tech. asp. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ â€Å"BSEIndia† (http://www. bseindia. com/about/abindices/bse30. asp) .BSEIndia. 2003-09-01. http://www. bseindia. com/about/abindices/bse30. asp. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ â€Å"BSEIndia† (http://www. bseindia. com/about/abindices/preface. asp) . BSEIndia. http://www. bseindia. com/about/abindices/preface. asp. Retrieved 2010-08-26. ^ â€Å"BSE SENSEX Index Chart – Yahoo! Finance† (http://finance. yahoo. com/echarts? s=%5EBSESN#chart1:symbol=^bsesn;range=my;compare=^gspc+eww+ewy;indicator=volume;charttype=line;cros shair=on;ohlcvalues=0;logscale=on;source=undefined) . Finance. yahoo. com. http://finance. yahoo. com/echarts? =%5EBSESN#chart1:symbol=^bsesn;range=my;compare=^gspc+eww+ewy;indicator=volume;charttype=line;cros shair=on;ohlcvalues=0;logscale=on;source=undefined. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ http://www. reutersindia. net/ Asia Technical Analysis with Phil Smith External links Official website (http://www. bseindia. com/) BSE to launch Sensex Futures in US (http://birlaa. com/2008/04/04/bse-to-launch-sensex-futures-trading-inus/) The Evolution Of Indian Stock Market (http://shareskool. com/articles/ViewArticle. inf? article=The+Evolution+Of+Indian+Stock+Market;article_Id=1) Retrieved from â€Å"http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange† Categories: Bombay Stock Exchange | Companies established in 1875 | Stock exchanges in India | Stock exchanges in Asia | Companies based in Mumbai This page was last modified on 25 September 2010 at 00:14. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 6/6

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Critique - Essay Example for her whereby she is treated by her stepmother like a servant in her own home when her father dies, she endures so that she can fulfil her mothers wish. That is before she died she told her to be kind to everyone. Cinderella who is Ella is one of the characters who shows kindness humility and respect to her stepmother and her step sister, despite them mistreating her. She does all the house chores. One day as she is in the woods, she meets a stranger who is the prince charming, whoever she does not know whether he is a prince instead she thinks that he is a servant in the palace. When the king calls for all maidens to the ball, she becomes happy, for she knows she will see the stranger again who is the prince. Unfortunately, her plans begin to fall apart when she is forbidden by her stepmother to go to the palace, and to make the matters even worse she rips off her dress. Cinderella dreams fall into doom place. However a Godmother fairy who is despised and be referred to as the kindly beggar appears with a pumpkin and several mice whereby she transforms them into a carriage and horses respectively. She even dresses Cinderella in a most beautiful dress and changes her forever. Due to this Cind erella dream of seeing the stranger again are arisen and she is able to meet the prince. The prince charming who is a loving character and a humble prince. He was so excellent in sword skills. Though he appears elegant both mentally and appearance wise, he is also swashbuckler. For instance, he challenges his father in a friendly sword fight. He also races his horse in order to go and save Cinderella. Surprisingly, despite his position as a prince and the royal status, he is shallow and accepts every person around her without judging by their background or their position instead he judges them by their personality. According to (Variety), prince charming meets Cinderella in the woods where he falls in love. He persuaded his father to welcome maidens to the ball with the